Reverse residual neuromuscular blockade
In Anesthesia:
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- As a pre-operative antimuscarinic agent to reduce salivary, tracheobronchial and pharyngeal sections and to reduce the acidity of the gastric contents.
- As a pre-operative or intra-operative antimuscarinic to attenuate or prevent intra-operative bradycardia with the use of suxamethonium or due to cardiac vagal reflexes.
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In Anesthesia:
- As a pre-operative antimuscarinic agent to reduce salivary, tracheobronchial and pharyngeal sections and to reduce the acidity of the gastric contents.
- As a pre-operative or intra-operative antimuscarinic to attenuate or prevent intra-operative bradycardia with the use of suxamethonium or due to cardiac vagal reflexes.
- To protect against the peripheral muscarinic actions of anticholinesterases such as neostigmine and pyridostigmine, used to reverse residual neuromuscular blockade produced by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.
In Peptic Ulcer: For use in adults as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of a peptic ulcer when the rapid anticholinergic effect is desired or when oral medication is not tolerated.
Pre-anesthetic Use:
- Adults: 0.2 mg to 0.4 mg intravenously or intramuscularly before the induction of anesthesia. Alternatively, a dose of 0.004 to 0.005 mg/kg up to a maximum of 0.4 mg may be used. Larger doses may result in profound and prolonged antisialogogue effect, which may be unpleasant for the patient.
- Children (1 month to 12 years of age): 0.004 to 0.008 mg/kg up to a maximum of 0.2 mg intravenously or intramuscularly before the induction of anesthesia. Larger doses may result in profound and prolonged antisialogogue effect which may be unpleasant for the patient.
Intraoperative Use: When used to treat arrhythmias associated with traction reflexes, the usual attempts should be made to determine the aetiology of the arrhythmia and the surgical or anesthetic manipulations necessary to correct parasympathetic imbalance should be performed.
- Adults: In those situations where intraoperative use is indicated, a single dose of 0.2 to 0.4 mg (or 0.004 to 0.005 mg/kg up to a maximum of 0.4 mg) by intravenous injection should be used. This dose may be repeated if necessary.
- Children (1 month to 12 years of age): In those situations where intraoperative use is indicated, a single dose of 0.004 to 0.008 mg/kg or up to a maximum of 0.2 mg by intravenous injection should be used. This dose may be repeated if necessary.
Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade:
- Adults: 0.2 mg intravenously per 1 mg neostigmine or the equivalent dose of pyridostigmine. Alternatively, a dose of 0.01-0.015 mg intravenously with 0.05 mg/kg neostigmine or equivalent dose of pyridostigmine. Glycopyrronium may be administered simultaneously from the same syringe with the anticholinesterase; greater cardiovascular stability results from this method of administration.
- Children (1 month to 12 years of age): 0.01 mg/kg intravenously with 0.05 mg/kg neostigmine or the equivalent dose of pyridostigmine. Glycopyrronium may be administered simultaneously from the same syringe with the anticholinesterase; greater cardiovascular stability results from this method of administration.
Many drugs have antimuscarinic effects; concomitant use of two or more of such drugs can increase side-effects such as dry mouth, urine retention and constipation. Concomitant use can also lead to confusion in the elderly. Anticholinergic agents may delay absorption of other medication given concomitantly. Concurrent administration of anticholingergics and corticosteroids may result in increased intraocular pressure. Concurrent use of anticholinergic agents with slow-dissolving tablets of digoxin may cause increased serum digoxin levels.
- Ritodrine: tachycardia
- Increased antimuscarinic side-effects: amantadine; tricyclic antidepressants; antihistamines; clozapine; disopyramaide; MAOIs; nefopam; pethidine; phenothiazines (increased antimuscarinic side effects of phenothiazines but reduced plasma concentrations)
- Possibly increased antimuscarinic side-effects: tricyclic (related) antidepressants
- Domperidone/Metoclopramide: antagonism of effect on gastro-intestinal activity
- Ketoconazole: reduced absorption of ketoconazole
- Levodopa: absorption of levodopa possibly reduced
- Memantine: effects possibly enhanced by memantine
- Nitrates: possibly reduced effect of sublingual nitrates (failure to dissolve under the tongue owing to dry mouth)
- Parasympathomimetics: antagonism of effect
Side effects of antimuscarinics such as glycopyrronium bromide are basically extensions of the fundamental pharmacological action. These include constipation, transient bradycardia (followed by tachycardia, palpitations and arrhythmias), reduced bronchial secretions, urinary urgency and retention, dilatation of the pupils with loss of accommodation, photophobia, dry mouth, flushing and dryness of the skin. Side effects that occur occasionally include confusion (particularly in the elderly), nausea, vomiting and giddiness. The following reported adverse reactions are extensions of glycopyrronium bromide’s fundamental pharmacological actions:
- Cardiovascular: Tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, bradycardia, palpitation and arrhythmia, hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrest, heart block, prolonged QTc interval.
- Dermatological: Flushing and inhibition of sweating, severe allergic reactions or drug idiosyncrasies including urticaria and other dermal manifestations, pruritus, dry skin.
- Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, taste alterations, including loss of taste.
- Genitourinary: Urinary hesitancy and retention, impotence.
- Ocular: Blurred vision due to mydriasis, cycloplegia, photophobia, increased ocular tension.
- Nervous System: Inhibition of transmission at neuromuscular junction, headache, nervousness, drowsiness, dizziness, seizure, insomnia, some degree of mental confusion, especially in the elderly, hyperexcitability in children.
- Pregnancy and perinatal: Suppression of lactation.
- Respiratory System: Respiratory arrest.
- General: Hyperpyrexia bloated feeling, anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reaction, and hypersensitivity. Injection site reactions including pruritus, oedema, erythema, pain have been reported rarely.
Elderly Use: Clinical studies of glycopyrronium bromide did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or drug therapy.
Available Brand Names
100 ml bottle: ৳ 500.00